[INTERNAL LAB]

International-Law Comparison: Penyelidikan and Penyidikan The key clarification is that penyelidikan and penyidikan should not automatically be translated as two equivalent stages of “investigation” in international law. These concepts originate from Indonesian domestic criminal procedure , whereas international and comparative legal systems may employ different terminology, institutional structures, and procedural thresholds. Comparative Terminology Indonesian Legal Concept Functional English Comparative-Law Meaning Penyelidikan Preliminary inquiry / preliminary fact-finding Initial examination to determine whether an alleged event indicates a criminal offence. Penyidikan Criminal investigation / formal investigation Evidence-gathering process aimed at establishing the offence and identifying the suspected perpetrator. Penyelidik Officer conducting a preliminary inquiry Authority conducting the initial inquiry. Penyidik Criminal investigator / investigat...

“Degraded/fragmented” describes DNA quality, not DNA quantity. It means the DNA molecules are not intact long strands anymore. Instead, they are broken into smaller pieces and often chemically damaged. A simple analogy: DNA is like a long book. · Quantity = how many copies of the book you have. · Quality = whether the pages are complete, torn, or faded.   “Degraded/fragmented” means the book has been shredded into pieces, and some letters are damaged. Fragmented DNA Fragmentation means the DNA backbone is physically or chemically cut into shorter pieces. · Fresh blood DNA often has molecules tens of thousands of bases long (high molecular weight). · Bone DNA may be mostly a few hundred bases or less. · Ancient DNA can be extremely short—often 30–100 base pairs. So if a test needs a 500-base-long intact stretch, fragmented DNA may fail because the template is already broken inside that region. Degraded DNA Degradation is broader than fragmentation. It includes: · Strand breaks — the...

 

1. Overview Indonesia’s Law No. 27 of 2022 on Personal Data Protection (PDP Law) represents the domestic implementation of Indonesia’s binding international obligations regarding privacy and personal data protection. The PDP Law must be understood within the framework of Indonesia’s commitments under international human rights law, particularly Article 17 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), which Indonesia ratified through Law No. 12 of 2005 . 2. International Legal Framework The right to privacy is enshrined in Article 12 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and Article 17 of the ICCPR, both of which provide that no one shall be subjected to arbitrary or unlawful interference with privacy, family, home, or correspondence . The UN Human Rights Committee’s General Comment No. 16 clarifies that this protection extends to the gathering and holding of personal information, surveillance, and interception of communications, and requires that any inter...