[INTERNAL LAB]

https://youtu.be/RMPRh_ly6JM?si=HaJIYfGneEWfVel8

ATP and the Neurobehavioral Loop: The Metabolic Cost of Regulation Bringing ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) into this framework is a brilliant step, because it bridges the gap between abstract neurobiology and raw thermodynamics. Everything we have discussed—predictive processing, dopaminergic prediction error signaling, C-tactile processing, and ritualistic physical manipulation—is entirely dependent on cellular energy. When we examine ATP through the lens of a neurobehavioral system, it reveals why the brain relies so heavily on external objects, physical habits, and conditioned rituals to maintain homeostasis. 1. The Metabolic Price of the Predictive Brain The brain is an elite metabolic consumer. Accounting for roughly 2% of total body mass, it demands about 20% of the body's resting ATP . Computation is Expensive: Running top-down predictive models, updating Bayesian inference networks, firing action potentials down millions of long-range axons, and managing striatal dop...

Dopamine, C-tactile afferents, and the meaning of “neurobehavioral” These three items illustrate what neurobehavioral means: they involve measurable nervous-system processes (neurotransmitter release, peripheral nerve firing, brain activation) combined with behavioral/psychological processes (expectation, touch perception, affect). They are not “just in the mind.” --- 1. Dopamine, reward expectation, and placebo in Parkinson's disease Dopamine is a catecholamine neurotransmitter synthesized from tyrosine → L-DOPA → dopamine. Key pathways include: · Substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) → dorsal striatum — motor control. · Ventral tegmental area (VTA) → nucleus accumbens and prefrontal cortex — reward, motivation, salience. Reward prediction error (RPE): Dopamine neurons fire in a pattern that encodes better-than-expected outcomes (phasic bursts) and worse-than-expected outcomes (dips). This signal supports learning and invigorates approach behavior. Because dopamine responds to pred...

"Giok" is the Indonesian and Malay word for jade. It is derived from the Hokkien Chinese term ge̍k (玉), which simply means jade. So when you see "giok jade," it is essentially saying "jade jade"—a common way to specify the material in English while using the local name. Here is a breakdown of what giok jade refers to in practice: · What it is: In Indonesia, "batu giok" is a blanket term for jade, typically referring to nephrite or jadeite. True giok is valued for its toughness and ability to take a high polish. · Physical properties: Jade (both nephrite and jadeite) generally has a Mohs hardness of 6 to 7. It is known for its characteristic greasy to silky luster and is often found in shades of green, white, lavender, and yellow. · Cultural significance: In Indonesian and Chinese-Indonesian culture, giok is highly prized. It is commonly used for jewelry (rings, pendants, bangles) and carvings. Many people also value it for spiritual and healing p...

NATURAL INGREDIENTS THAT MAY WORSEN ACID REFLUX BAHAN ALAMI YANG DAPAT MEMPERBURUK REFLUKS ASAM LAMBUNG ENGLISH BAHASA INDONESIA INTRODUCTION Acid reflux occurs when stomach contents flow back into the esophagus. When reflux causes recurring symptoms or complications, the condition may be called gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). In some people, reflux may also be associated with throat, laryngeal, and voice symptoms. This condition is often called laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR), although throat symptoms alone are insufficient to confirm this diagnosis. Important: Not all natural ingredients listed below cause reflux in every person. Their effects depend on indiv...