[INTERNAL LAB]

COUPLE OF Project-Based Toughness dan Daily Routine-Tidiness

JOHN NASH, MINIMAX, AND MAXIMIN THEORY John Forbes Nash Jr. was a mathematician whose work fundamentally influenced modern game theory, particularly through the concept of Nash equilibrium . However, the original minimax theorem is principally associated with John von Neumann , who established it in 1928. Nash subsequently extended game-theoretic analysis to non-cooperative games , involving multiple players and different types of strategic interaction. 1. UNDERSTANDING THE THREE CONCEPTS A. MINIMAX THEORY MINIMAX means minimizing the maximum possible loss or, in a competitive game, limiting the maximum advantage an opponent can obtain. A decision-maker evaluates the worst outcome associated with each available strategy and chooses the strategy that minimizes that worst-case result. MINIMAX = min x max y L(x,y) Here, L(x,y) represents a los...

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK / RELATIONSHIP ANALYSIS APPRAISAL OF A RELATIONSHIP: BENEFICIAL , RELIABLE , SUSTAINABLE , OR RISKY A systematic framework for evaluating the nature, quality, performance, value, viability, and potential consequences of relationships between two or more entities. 01 / DEFINITION OF RELATIONSHIP APPRAISAL Relationship appraisal is a systematic evaluation of the nature, quality, performance, and potential consequences of a relationship between two or more entities. Its purpose is to determine whether the relationship is beneficial , reliable , sustainable , or risky , based on relevant evidence, established criteria, and the circumstances in which the relationship exists. The appraisal does not merely identify the existence of a relati...

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📋 AIS Document-Trace Flow Purchasing Cycle → Receiving Cycle → IT Controls LEGEND: Requisition PO / Supplier GRN / Receiving Invoice Payment / IT 1. PURCHASING CYCLE 📄 Purchase Requisition Pre-numbered · Authorized 📑 Purchase Order (PO) Approved · Threshold 🗂️ Supplier Master File Bank changes · Reconcile 📊 Quotation & Vendor Selection ≥ 3 quotes 🔒 CONTROL Segregation of duties 2. RECEIVING CYCLE 📦 Goods Receipt Note (GRN) Independent ·...

AIS Document Trace — Purchasing & Receiving Cycles 📋 Document Trace: Design Benchmark in the Purchasing Cycle & Receiving Cycle of an AIS 1. Purchasing Cycle — Document Trace & Benchmarks 1.1 Purchase Requisition Originates from an authorized department . Pre-numbered and sequentially controlled. Requires departmental approval before proceeding. 1.2 Purchase Order (PO) Generated only from an approved purchase requisition . Pre-numbered and sequentially controlled. Requires procurement manager approval ; system enforces monetary approval thresholds. Supplier must exist in the approved supplier master file . 1.3 Supplier Master File Key fields (e.g., bank details ) require independent approval for changes. Periodic reconciliation with suppliers is performed. 1.4 Quotation & Vendor Selection At least three quotations are typically required to maintai...